The International Journal of Healthcare and Education (IJHE) is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scientific record. We adhere to the ethical publishing standards recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding corrections, retractions, and withdrawals of published articles.

1. Corrections

• If errors are discovered after publication that do not invalidate the research findings but affect the accuracy, clarity, or author attribution, a Correction Notice (also known as an Erratum or Corrigendum) will be issued.

• Corrections are made as quickly as possible, with a clear explanation linked to the original article.

• Minor typographical errors that do not affect the scientific content may be corrected without issuing a formal Correction Notice.

2. Retractions

• Articles may be retracted when serious ethical violations, scientific misconduct, or critical errors are identified that invalidate the research findings. Grounds for retraction include, but are not limited to:

  • Plagiarism

  • Data fabrication or falsification

  • Duplicate or redundant publication

  • Unethical research practices

  • Major errors undermining the validity of findings

• Retractions are issued by the Editors, accompanied by a clear Retraction Notice explaining the reason(s) for the action.

• Retracted articles remain accessible on the journal’s website with a watermark indicating "Retracted" to maintain the scholarly record and transparency.

3. Article Withdrawal

• Before Publication:
  Authors may request withdrawal of their submitted manuscript before it enters peer review or after peer review if justified. A formal written request must be sent to the editorial office explaining the reason for withdrawal.

• After Acceptance but Before Publication:
  Withdrawal after acceptance is strongly discouraged. Authors requesting withdrawal at this stage must provide detailed reasons and may be subject to a withdrawal fee to compensate for editorial and peer review efforts.

• Withdrawal by the Journal:
  IJHE reserves the right to withdraw manuscripts if ethical breaches are identified prior to publication (e.g., plagiarism, duplicate submission) or if authors fail to respond during the editorial process.

4. Editorial Expressions of Concern

• If an article is under serious investigation but no final decision has been reached, the Editors may issue an Editorial Expression of Concern to alert readers to potential problems with the article.

5. Transparency

• All Corrections, Retractions, Withdrawals, and Expressions of Concern will be clearly labeled, freely available, and linked to the original article.

• IJHE ensures that post-publication updates follow ethical guidelines to maintain the integrity and completeness of the scholarly record.